More on Future Therapies (Campath and Rituximab)

Campath is a drug currently used for the treatment leukemia.  Genzyme Corp., the makers of Campath are currently testing the drug, known as Lemtrada for MS, for use in the treatment of MS. 

Excerpts from a Bloomberg article:

Lemtrada is given once a year as an infusion. Patients get five doses over five days. More than 70 percent of patients with early disease given the drug in a study had no relapses or progression of disability for four years, compared with 35 percent of those given [] Rebif.
Side effects included infections in 72 percent of patients, thyroid complications and cancers. Most infections were in the respiratory or urinary tracts and cleared with treatment.
Lemtrada is in the third and final stage of tests generally needed for U.S. approval. Results from one of those tests, in patients without prior MS treatment, are expected mid-year, Genzyme said today in a statement. A second study of previously treated patients will be done by the end of 2011. Genzyme said it expects U.S. approval in the second half of next year.
While Lemtrada’s once-a-year treatment approach is convenient for doctors and patients, medical complications may go unnoticed and be difficult to treat. With daily pills, side effects may sometimes be eased by halting use. Genzyme’s medicine, by design, remains active in the body for a year.

Exciting initial results!  There is a possibility for serious side effects and, as with all new medications, there is no way to predict how it will affect a person ten years (or more) down the road.  Nice to know that all of this research is ongoing though!

Rituximab, administered by intravenous infusion, is a monoclonal antibody licensed to treat leukaemia and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.  It works by reducing the numbers of B-cells in the immune system. Most current treatments for MS interact with or deplete T-cells, so Rituximab provides a means for investigating the role of B-cells in the immunological changes in MS.  Side effects include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and fatal infusion reactions, although these have not been reported in MS trials.  Rituximad is being studied for use in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS; studies are also ongoing to see whether Rituximad would be a useful therapy in patients with primary progressive MS and secondary progressive MS.  Regarding the studies focused on RRMS, preliminary results show GdE lesions were reduced after treatment with Rituximab, with 74% of post-treatment MRI scans being free of GdE activity compared with 26% free of GdE activity at baseline.  Mean GdE lesions were reduced from 2.81 per month to 0.33 after treatment (88% reduction).

Next time I will discuss information about the use of Tovaxin and Apitope Vaccines as MS therapies.

Don't forget, tomorrow begins MS Awareness Month!!!  Thanks for reading!

Broken Promise

I know I promised that my next post would be more about future therapies, but I am going to break that promise right now (hence the post title).  There are a couple of things that I really need to tell you right now.

Number 1:  I played volleyball for the first time since my diagnosis and it went over very well!!!  This is very exciting for me!  I played volleyball in college and it has always been a passion of mine and a big part of my life.  From April to September last year, before I was diagnosed, I felt so off that I was unsure of my ability to be active (aside from walking and even that was difficult at times).  And since my diagnosis, I have experienced numbness in my feet and legs almost constantly which has made me feel a little uneasy about playing sports - I feared that I would twist an ankle or something but would be numb enough to not realize what had happened (may sounds silly, but that is how I felt).  Lately, however, I have been feeling pretty well, I still have some slight numbness and the L'Hermittes still bothers me, but overall I have been feeling better than I have since last April.  So, I was invited to sub in on a team and I felt up to the challenge, so I played and am happy to report that, while I am a little rusty on the court, I was able to play and the team I played with won!

Number 2:  If you download iTunes and/or shop online, you should really go through iGive.  I know I talked about this before in the "More Ways to Help" post, but I was looking at the site more and realized that iTunes is included in their "stores."  I think this is awesome because SO many people use iTunes.  I know quite a few people shop online these days too, but how easy would it be to go through iGive before buying a song.  It doesn't cost you anything and 2% of your purchase goes toward helping the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.  I realize that 2% of 99 cents isn't that much, but if 100 people buy 15 songs per month (at 99cents each) on iTunes, that would add up to over $350 per year.  Every little bit helps, so please consider using iGive for your iTunes purchases and other online shopping (they have a lot of great stores, including Amazon.com, Bloomingdale's, Crate & Barrel, DSW, eBay, Home Depot, J.Crew, Kodak Gallery, Kohl's, Macy's, Old Navy, Toys R Us, Victoria's Secret and much much more!).  To learn more, visit this website. Then start using iGive to benefit the NMSS!!!

Next post will be more on the Future Therapies (I won't break my promise again)!

Future Therapies Continued (BG-12 & Estriol)

Unfortunately, I was unable to find much information on BG-12, but here is what I did find:
BG-12 is an experimental oral therapy in Phase III clinical development as a monotherapy for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).  BG-12, bought by Biogen Idec, received Fast Track designation in MS from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which may expedite U.S. regulatory review.  BG-12 works by reducing the evolution of new enhancing lesions to T1-hypointense lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis.

From the Multiple Sclerosis Resource Centre's website:

BG-12, an immunomodulatory agent, reduces frequency of new gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). This study reports the effect of 240 mg BG-12 orally three times daily (tid) for 24 weeks on the evolution of new Gd+ lesions to T1-hypointense lesions.
Eighteen patients receiving BG-12 and 38 patients receiving placebo were included in the analysis. The analysis tracked 147 new Gd+ lesions in patients from the BG-12 group and 221 Gd+ lesions in patients from the placebo group. The percentage of Gd+ lesions that evolved to T1-hypointense lesions was 34% lower with BG-12 treatment versus placebo.
In addition to reducing frequency of new Gd+ lesions, BG-12 significantly reduced probability of their evolution to T1-hypointense lesions in patients with MS compared with placebo.

Estriol is an estrogen hormone.  Studies are ongoing to determine whether higher levels of estriol, as naturally produced during pregnancy, may treat MS.  Refer back to my "Definitely Good News!" post for more information on pregnancy and MS.  According to research, Estriol production in MS patients during pregnancy reduces the disease's symptoms noticeably. 

From an article on Life Extension's website:

The high levels of estriol during pregnancy have been known to alleviate some autoimmune conditions due to its ability to shift immune response. For instance, Sicotte et al. at the Reed Neurological Research Center in Los Angeles investigated the effects of pregnancy-level doses of estriol (8 mg/day) in non-pregnant women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Cerebral MRI images showed a significant reduction of gadolinium-enhancing cerebral lesions from multiple sclerosis. These lesions increased when treatment stopped and decreased when treatment was restarted. Gadolinium is a contrast agent used in certain MRI studies; gadolinium-enhancing lesions are associated with an increased inflammatory response marking disease progression in patients with MS. Lowered amount of these lesions seen on MRI with gadolinium contrast would equate to a decrease in disease progression.

This effect may also apply to men with autoimmune conditions. Another team of researchers from the Reed Neurological Research Center in Los Angeles found that estriol treatment ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in males, compared with placebo treatment. EAE is an experimental demyelinating inflammatory disease that shares numerous characteristics with MS. Estriol treatment also resulted in a decrease of proinflammatory immune markers. This is very promising news for patients and their doctors who are struggling to treat challenging neurological conditions associated with inflammation. 

From an article on Medical News Today's website:

Trimesta (oral estriol) has previously completed an initial 22-month, single-agent, crossover Phase I/II clinical trial in the US for the treatment of MS in relapsing remitting patients, with highly encouraging results. The results showed the total volume and number of enhancing pathogenic myelin lesions (established neuroimaging measurements of disease activity in MS) decreased during the treatment period as compared to a six-month pretreatment baseline period. The median total enhancing lesion volumes decreased by 79 percent (p=0.02) and the number of lesions decreased by 82 percent (p=0.09) within the first three months of treatment with Trimesta. Following a six-month drug holiday during which the patients weren't on any drug therapies, Trimesta therapy was reinitiated during a four-month retreatment phase of this clinical trial. The relapsing-remitting MS patients again demonstrated a decrease in enhancing lesion volumes of 88 percent (p=0.008) and a decrease in the number of lesions by 48 percent (p=0.04) compared with original baseline scores (1),(2).

Some very promising research going on right now!  Very exciting stuff!  My next post will discuss Campath and Rituximab.  Then I will finish up the future therapies discussion with Vaccination Strategies.  Thanks for reading!

As Promised, Information on Future Therapies (Laquinimod & Teriflunomide)

I will begin by discussing Laquinimod, which is currently in Phase III studies.  It is an oral therapy introduced by Active Biotech and Teva.  It would be administered once daily.  It is being studied for treatment of autoimmune diseases, including MS, Crohn's disease and Lupus.  Studies seem to show that it is able to reduce MS activity on MRIs.   

From Active Biotech's website:

The Allegro study (assessment of oral laquinimod in preventing progression of multiple sclerosis), which is a global, pivotal, double-blind, Phase III study designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of laquinimod versus placebo in the treatment of RRMS, has been in progress since November 2007. The Allegro study was fully recruited in November 2008 encompassing 1,000 patients. The treatment administered is a 0.6 mg tablet of laquinimod once a day or placebo. The study is scheduled to continue for 24 months with the possibility to extend to 30 months.
A second pivotal Phase III study, Bravo (benefit-risk assessment of Avonex® and laquinimod), which is a global, multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled 24 months study with parallel groups, was initiated in April 2008. The study will compare the effect of once-daily orally administered laquinimod 0.6 mg with placebo and also provide risk-benefit data in relation to treatment with a product presently established in the market and administered by injection (Avonex®). The Bravo study was fully recruited in June 2009 encompassing 1,200 patients.
This means that more than 2,000 patients are now participating in pivotal studies for this indication. The patients will be treated over a period of two years after which laquinimod's effect on disease progression will be determined. At the end of 2010, treatment of the final patient in the first Phase III study ("Allegro") will be complete.
Laquinimod received Fast Track designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in February 2009. Two global Phase III clinical studies, ALLEGRO and BRAVO, have completed enrollment and are currently ongoing, with results anticipated in [the first and third quarters of] 2011 respectively.
In September 2010, the results were presented of a 36-week active extension study evaluating two doses of laquinimod for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The double-blind, multinational study demonstrated the sustained positive benefit/risk profile of laquinimod, which was shown to reduce Gd-enhancing (GdE) T1 lesions, while maintaining a good safety profile. These findings were published online by the journal Multiple Sclerosis.

The results of Phase II showed a 52% reduction of GdE T1 lesions.

One article, reported, "Laquinimod was safe and well-tolerated. The overall frequencies of adverse events were comparable to those observed in the placebo group. No deaths were reported in laquinimod-treated patients. Overall incidence of infections was similar between the two arms of the trial."

Next, some information on Teriflunomide, which is being developed by sanofi-aventis.  It works by inhibiting rapidly dividing cells, including activated T cells, which are thought to drive the disease process in MS. Teriflunomide may decrease the risk of infections compared to chemotherapy-like drugs because of its more-limited effects on the immune system.

From a Medscape article:

Results of a phase 3 trial of teriflunomide, an oral disease-modifying therapy, showed a significant reduction in annualized multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse rates with 2 doses of the drug of more than 30% vs placebo.
Disability progression was also significantly reduced by 30% with the higher 14-mg dose, and both doses were well tolerated, with a similar number of patients reporting treatment-emergent adverse events, including serious adverse events, in the treatment and placebo arms.
"Certainly it's safe and effective and is a potential new oral monotherapy for MS with relapses and, again, potentially a first-line treatment given its combination of efficacy and safety characteristics," Paul O'Connor, MD, director of the MS Clinic at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and principal investigator of the TEMSO study told delegates here.
Side effects that were more common in the teriflunomide groups were diarrhea, nausea, alanine transferase increases that were mainly mild and asymptomatic with no dose effect, and mild hair thinning and hair loss, which rarely led to treatment discontinuation.

More information can be found in this press release from October 2010.

Hope this is educational!  Sounds like there are some exciting new oral therapies coming soon!

For more information about ongoing clinical trials, visit http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/.

Tune in next time for "Future Therapies Continued."

Mommas Don't Let Your Babies Be Pale-Skinned

On February 17th, I wrote out the 9 things I learned from the Valentine's Day Teleconference.  The 8th topic I discussed was Vitamin D.  I wrote: "studies have shown a correlation between MS and a Vitamin D deficiency.  Studies show that Vitamin D decreases incidence by 40% (this is not backed by any clinical trial).  We do know that MS patients tend to have low levels of Vitamin D, so Dr. Mattson suggested that a multivitamin with 400 IUs of Vitamin D cannot hurt.  He also mentioned that some researchers/doctors feel that 1000 or 2000 IUs may be appropriate (but too much can be a bad thing; can cause kidney stones)."

The next day (2/18/11), I was made aware of new articles discussing research that shows that sun exposure and higher levels of Vitamin D may have a role in preventing MS.  We have known for some time that people living closer to the equator have a lower MS incedence rate and there have been theories that this has something to do with sun exposure and vitamin D levels, but a new study from Australia is out which expands on this theory.

One article states, "Higher vitamin D levels and exposure to sunlight appear to be independently protective against multiple sclerosis."  A study done in Australia, found that "sun exposure and vitamin D levels each predicted disease risk."  Previous studies had linked low vitamin D levels with a higher risk for MS.  So, apparently, I should have spent more time outside during my youth and I should've worn less sunscreen.  On the one hand, you increase your risk of developing skin cancer, but on the other hand you may increase your risk of developing MS.  The study found that "people with the most evidence of skin damage from sun exposure were about 60% less likely to develop MS symptoms than people with the least sun damage."  Of course, the article warns against too much sun exposure due to the increased risk of skin cancer.

I felt like I got a decent amount of sun growing up - I remember many summer days spent at the pool, my family had a boat for a time and we spent quite a few weekends out on the lake.  Back then, I don't remember caring too much about applying sun screen either.  My sun exposure lessened as I grew older - between school, work, volleyball, and other obligations, I am sure that I no longer get as much sun exposure and I am much more conscientiuos about wearing sun screen.  Maybe it is time to get outside more and leave the sunscreen at home.  Since I have already been diagnosed, it may not help, but it certainly cannot hurt.  In addition, I intend to take Vitamin D supplements - again it cannot hurt to get a little more D (unless I develop kidney stones, but I will keep my intake at a reasonable level).

While, this is not a cure, it does appear that we have discovered one way to, possibly, lower the incidence rate of MS.  One thing is for sure, when I have children, they will definitely be spending a lot of time in the sun! 

For more articles/information regarding this topic, go to:

More sun and vitamin D may prevent MS risk

MS Less Likely With Plenty of Sun, Vitamin D

Vitamin D: The Multiple Sclerosis Connection

NMSS - News Detail


Now, the negative side to the sun (other than skin cancer).  Other new research suggests that warm weather may hurt cognitive skills in those with MS; "people with multiple sclerosis (MS) may find it harder to learn, remember or process information on warmer days of the year."  Other studies have linked warmer weather to more disease activity and we know that raising the core temperature of an MS patient can often worsen symptoms, but this is the first reasearch to focus on cognitive functioning.  A press release states that "40 people with MS and 40 people without MS were given tests that measured learning, memory and the speed at which they processed information."  The MS patients also underwent brain scans and daily temperatures on test days were also recorded.  "The study found that people with MS scored 70 percent better on thinking tests during cooler days compared to warmer days of the year. There was no link between thinking test scores and temperature for those without MS."

There is always good news and bad I guess.  Interesting stuff though. 

My next post (which may need to be broken down into 2 to 4 posts) will focus on my 2/17/11 post's 7th topic of discussion: Future Therapies:  Loquinimod (currently in phase 3), Teriflunamide (currently in phase 3), BG-12 (currently in phase 2), and Estriol (currently in phase 2).  No other information was given about these four therapies, so I will do some research and report back.  Campath: consists of 5 infusions per year, has had an impressive phase 3, studies showing that it is 75% better than Rebif.  Rituximab is anti-B white blood cells and consists of infusions every 6 months; studies showing 50% reduction in exacerbation rate.  Vaccination Strategies (essentially allergy shots - there are theories that MS is like an allergic reaction) include Tovaxin and Apitope; these essentially desensitize the brain attack.

MS is . . .

The Women's Fair seemed to go over pretty well, hopefully we were able to encourage people to join the Walk - new walker's are always a plus!

While working the booth at the Women's Fair, I was asked what exactly is MS.  It dawned on me that I have been blogging about how MS has affected me and the up and coming therapies for MS, but I never mentioned anything about what MS is.  For those who don't know, Multiple Sclerosis occurs when the immune system attacks the central nervous system.  Essentially people with MS have an overactive immune system that begins to identify the central nervous system (CNS) as a foreign invader and begins to attack the CNS.  If you think of the CNS as a set of wires that carry electrical impulses throughout your body telling your body what to do, how to feel, etc.  Then the wires are protected by an outer covering (called myelin).  In MS patients, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath.  When the myelin sheath is damaged then the CNS can no longer carry a clear signal because those electrical impulses can no longer be carried throughout the body without interruption.

I hope this helps some of you to better understand what MS is; for more information, you can click through the following links:

http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspx

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/DS00188

http://www.medicinenet.com/multiple_sclerosis/article.htm

http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/guide/multiple-sclerosis-overview-facts

In my next post, I will begin to eleborate on the up and coming therapies that I discussed in the "Teleconference Update." 

Disappointing

Last night, I listened in on The Latest Updates in MS teleconference.  It was a little disappointing because I really didn't learn anything about any of the latest updates in MS.  The speaker mostly just glossed over everything, giving the names of the up and coming therapies, but little to nothing more.  Plus, anything additional that was said about any new therapies, I had already learned from the teleconference on Monday.  What I did take away from last night's teleconference was presented by Michael (an MS patient) who is active in the fight against MS (he has a facebook support group, "My MS Team," and a twitter following, @mymsteam).  He discussed his own experiences and one of the main things he talked about is the importance of exercise.  While discussing this topic, he mentioned how much Yoga has helped him both physically and emotionally (I have heard similar testimonials from others regarding yoga for MS patients).  He also provided a website, "You Can Do It Yoga for MS," which has information regarding Yoga for MS.  Michael talked about how MS affects your flexibility and balance, which yoga can help you maintain.  Also, yoga has a spiritual or emotional aspect that can be helpful for MS patients since depression often plagues those with MS.  This, I felt, was helpful information.  I haven't been great about exercising lately and I really need to start up a yoga routine!  Another website that I came across a few month ago is My MS Yoga; they offer a free Yoga for MS DVD. 

Now that I have listened to both teleconferences regarding up and coming therapies and things to look forward to regarding MS treatment, I have much research to do and will report back to you all soon!  Hope everyone has a great President's Day weekend!  If you are in the Wichita area, you should stop by the Women's Fair - I will be working the Walk MS booth.

Teleconference Update

Ok, so I didn't listen to the teleconference last night (wasn't up for it).  Luckily, they are replaying it tonight - I will listen to it tonight and report back.  In the meantime, here is what I learned from the 2/14/11 Teleconference.

1.  Despite being called Relapsing Remitting MS, studies have shown that there is no true remission in MS (no matter which type of MS you have).  MRIs of MS patients show that even when you do not have symptoms (relapses/attacks), lesions are still forming and inflammation is still occurring.

2.  CCSVI:  White blood cell inflammation is secondary to a lack of blood drainage due to a narrowing or twisting of the vein in the neck - this is why there is some correlation between MS & CCSVI.  Roughly 60% of MS patients have this abnormality, suggesting that it may be a result of MS rather than a cause.

3.  ABCR (Avonez, Betaseron, Copaxone, and Rebif) drugs still do a good job, they are trusted and have been around for decades.

4.  Tysabri:  PML occurrence is about 1 in 1000.  Tysabri should be used for people with failures on or an intolerance to the ABCR drugs.

5.  Gilenya (new oral med):  Traps white blood cells in lymph nodes so they can't go into the brain; studies show that it reduces exacerbation rate by 53-55%.  It is more effective than ABCR drugs, but less effective than Tysabri.  Downside is that you must be monitored for the first 6 hours after taking your first dose due to a possible cardiac episode.  Other negatives are: possible swelling in the back of the eyes, fatal herpes brain infections (occurred more in higher doses & should not occur if you have had chicken pox because chicken pox is similar form of that particular herpes virus and if you had the chicken pox then you should be immune), and possible fertility issues (no way of knowing at this point how it affects fertility - may affect negatively; Dr. Mattson said that, for this reason, he would never recommend Gilenya to a young woman who wishes to start a family).

6.  Cladribine (new oral med on the horizon):  used currently with chemo for lymphoma.  It wipes out white blood cells (this means you are more susceptible to illness).  Studies have shown a 54-57% reduction in exacerbation rate.  Downsides: increased risk of infection (including shingles), can't get the white blood cells back once they've been wiped out with Cladribine, and may increase the risk of skin cancer.  Also, for some reason, Europe's FDA-equivalent has rejected Cladribine (so it is clear that they saw something that they didn't like).

7.  Future Therapies:  Loquinimod (currently in phase 3), Teriflunamide (currently in phase 3), BG-12 (currently in phase 2), and Estriol (currently in phase 2).  No other information was given about these four therapies, so I will do some research and report back.  Campath: consists of 5 infusions per year, has had an impressive phase 3, studies showing that it is 75% better than Rebif.  Rituximab is anti-B white blood cells and consists of infusions every 6 months; studies showing 50% reduction in exacerbation rate.  Vaccination Strategies (essentially allergy shots - there are theories that MS is like an allergic reaction) include Tovaxin and Apitope; these essentially desensitize the brain attack.  I know this may not make a whole lot of sense, but this is what Dr. Mattson discussed.  As I said before, there was not enough time for him to really delve into any one topic/therapy.  I will look into each of these further and post more information later.

8.  Vitamin D: studies have shown a correlation between MS and a Vitamin D deficiency.  Studies show that Vitamin D decreases incidence by 40% (this is not backed by any clinical trial).  We do know that MS patients tend to have low levels of Vitamin D, so Dr. Mattson suggested that a multivitamin with 400 IUs of Vitamin D cannot hurt.  He also mentioned that some researchers/doctors feel that 1000 or 2000 IUs may be appropriate (but too much can be a bad thing; can cause kidney stones).

9.  Walking Pill (Ampyra):  works by improving electrical transmissions through damaged nerve wires.  To be used for improving walking speed (30-40% of people respond to the medication and it takes about 1-2 months to determine if you are responding).  Studies have shown that it may also help with arm functioning, fatigue and stamina, but this is all unproven.  Downside: can cause seizures.

That is it (I am a little disappointed that I wasn't able to end up with 10 points, but oh well).  Again, I will do some further research on the up and coming therapies and report back about what I learn.  I will also listen to the Shared Solutions' Latest Updates teleconference tonight and let you know what I learn from that.

Hopefully, this was, at least, a little informative!  I'd love to hear your thoughts on all, or any, of this.

Valentine's Day Teleconference

Good thing my husband and I celebrated Valentine's Day on Sunday!  Our actual Valentine's Day was spent listening to the National MS Society's (NMSS) Teleconference Clinical Trials and Research on the Horizon and then watching K-State beat KU in basketball.  The teleconference included a lot of information in a short amount of time.  The speaker, Dr. Mattson, provided about 35 - 40 minutes worth of information on everything from research to find the cause of MS, ABCR drug therapies, Gilenya (the oral drug available), CCSVI, other medications in the works, Vitamin D, to the Walking Pill.  With so many topics to cover in such a short period of time, his information was pretty generalized because he did not have time to go into depth on any one topic.  However, I did learn about what is up and coming, so now I can do my own research regarding all of that.  Soon, I will provide you with a summary of what I did learn from last night's teleconference, then I will do my own research about these topics and report back.

There is another teleconference tonight put on by Shared Solutions called "Latest Updates."  It is also about current research.  I am going to try to listen in on that one, then I can report back on all I have learned from these teleconferences at one time.  Hope everyone had a wonderful Valentine's Day!

Teleconference Tomorrow

Since my husband and I are going to celebrate Valentine's Day this evening (dinner out and a movie in).  I am going to spend tomorrow evening participating in the National MS Society's Midwest Regional Teleconference Clinical Trials and Research on the Horizon, which "will discuss newly available or soon to be available immunotherapies - oral and infrequent infusion - that will provide new options in the treatments of MS."  I hope that the teleconference will be informative - I look forward to reporting to you all what I learn. 

Until I am able to report back on the teleconference, I hope you all have a Happy Valentine's Day!